Professor Robert J. Whittaker
- Professor of Biogeography
- Fellow and Tutor of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
- Joint co-ordinator of the Biodiversity research cluster
- Tel: +44 (0)1865 275845
- Email: robert.whittaker@ouce.ox.ac.uk
Academic Profile
Rob Whittaker has a BSc in Botany and Geography from the University of Hull (1980), an MSc in Ecology from University College North Wales (1982), and a doctorate from University College Cardiff (1985), where he studied vegetation succession on recently deglaciated terrain, in the Jotunheimen, Norway. He joined the Oxford School of Geography and the Environment in 1986, having previously worked for a year as a research officer at Birkbeck College, London. In 1990 he was appointed to a university lectureship and a fellowship at St Edmund Hall. In 1999 he was awarded the title of Reader and, in 2004, Professor of Biogeography.
Rob has published over 80 peer-review articles and is also the author of Island Biogeography: ecology, evolution, and conservation (OUP, first edition 1998; second edition 2007). Recently collaborations within Rob's research group have included two Marie Curie fellows (Dr Miguel Araújo and Dr Kostas Triantis) and three Rhodes Scholars (Dr Niall O'Dea, Dr Ben Sharp and Dr James Watson).
From 1995 to 2004 Rob was the editor-in-chief of Global Ecology & Biogeography - a journal of macroecology, and in mid-2004 he became editor-in-chief of the Journal of Biogeography, the leading international journal of biogeography. Rob is a founding member of the International Biogeography Society, was a Director-at-Large from 2005-2006, was co-convener of the biennial meeting, Tenerife 9-13 January 2007, and is President Elect for the period 2007-2009.
Rob Whittaker was appointed to an Honorary Professorship in Macroecology and Climate at the Department of Biology, University of Copenhangen from July 2008 for a five year term.
Current Research
Rob is a founding member of the School of Geography and the Environment's Biodiversity research cluster. His research interests span diverse themes within ecological biogeography and ecology, including: conservation biogeography, spatial scale, species diversity theory, climatic controls on species richness, species richness-productivity relationships, macroecology, and island biogeography. He is also an authority on the ecology of the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia, which provide a classic case study of ecosystem recovery in the tropics involving studies of both forest dynamics and island biogeography and their inter-relationships.
Rob's research interests have generated working links with scientists in several countries, including colleagues at the Universities of Oslo, Bergen (Norway), La Laguna (Spain), Université Libre de Bruxelles (Belgium), at the Herbarium Bogoriense (Indonesia), the Natural History Museum, London (UK) and the Spanish Museum of Natural History. Rob's work with Eileen M. O'Brien (Georgia), Richard Field (Nottingham), Miguel Araújo (Madrid) and Kathy Willis (School of Geography and the Environment) on the enigma of the so-called latitudinal gradients in species diversity have resulted in a number of influential publications, emphasising the critical importance of accounting for spatial and temporal scale in theory and analysis of species richness patterns.
Since about 2001, work undertaken by Rob and his students and collaborators within the biodiversity research group has increasingly focused on conservation science, with contributions to understanding the effects of ecosystem transformation on avifaunal assemblages in Ecuador, Madagascar and Australia and on savanna vegetation dynamics in Northern Australia, analyses of matrix effects in fragmented landscapes; and critical analyses of the application of climate envelope modelling to species distributional dynamics in the light of climate change. Much of this work was featured in a 2005 paper published in Diversity and Distributions, presenting a framework and research agenda for Conservation Biogeography as a key field within conservation science.
Teaching
Undergraduate Teaching
Rob teaches the Ecology of the Biosphere module of the 'Earth System Processes' course for the Preliminary Examination. He also teaches on the Final Honour School Special Subject course Biogeography, for the Final Honour School.
Postgradate Teaching
Rob teaches 'Conservation Biogeography', 'Strategic Conservation Planning' and takes the Tenerife Field Course for the MSc Biodiversity Conservation and Management.
Current graduate students include:
- Cecile Girardin
Tropical montane forest ecosystem responses to mean temperature change. - Leticia Ochoa Ochoa
The amphibian meta-community structure in three Mexican landscapes and its relationship with ecological and geographical space
D.Phil. students successfully completing since 2001:
- Ana Malhado (2009)
The functional biogeography of the Amazon forest canopy. - Janice Golding (2008)
Change in plant biodiversity of the Flora Zambesiaca region of south-central Africa. - James Watson (2004)
Bird responses to habitat fragmentation at different spatial scales: Illustrations from Madagascan and Australian case studies. - Paul Jepson (2001)
The potential of bio-regional management models to create a more effective and equitable biodiversity conservation policy in Indonesia.
Selected Publications
Books
Whittaker, R.J. and Fernández-Palacios, J.M. (2007) Island Biogeography: ecology, evolution, and conservation, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Papers and Articles
- Whittaker, R.J., Triantis, K.A. and Ladle, R.J. (2010) A general dynamic theory of oceanic island biogeography: extending the MacArthur-Wilson theory to accommodate the rise and fall of volcanic islands. In, Losos, J.B. and Ricklefs, R.E. (eds.) The Theory of Island Biogeography Revisited. Princeton University Press, pp. 88-115.
- Frangou, A., Ladle, R.J., Malhado, A.C.M. and Whittaker, R.J. (2010) Wildlife in a warming world. A World of Science, 8: 2-9.
- Ladle, R.J., Jepson, P. and Whittaker, R.J. (2009) La lucha por la legitimidad en el cambio climático. Infoamérica, 1: 153-163.
- Watson, J.E.M., Watson, A.W.T., Fischer, J., Ingram, J.C. and Whittaker, R.J. (2009) Using nestedness and species-accumulation analyses to strengthen a conservation plan for littoral forest birds in South-Eastern Madagascar. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 1(3): 67-80.
- de Nascimento, L., Willis, K.J., Fernández-Palacios, J.M., Criado, C. and Whittaker, R.J. (2008) The long-term ecology of the lost forests of La Laguna, Tenerife (Canary Islands). Journal of Biogeography.
- Whittaker, R.J. (2008) Journal review and gender equality: a critical comment on Budden et al. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 23(9): 478-479.
- Triantis, K.A., Mylonas, M. and Whittaker, R.J. (2008) Evolutionary species-area curves as revealed by single-island endemics: insights for the inter-provincial species-area relationship. Ecography, 31: 401-407.
- Triantis, K.A., Nogués-Bravo, D., Hortal, J., Borges, A.V.P., Adsersen, H., Fernandez-Palacios, M., Araujo, M.B. and Whittaker, R.J. (2008) Measurements of area and the (island) species-area relationship: new directions for an old pattern. Oikos, 117: 1555-1559.
- Whittaker, R.J., Triantis, K.A. and Ladle, R.J. (2008) A general dynamic theory of oceanic island biogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 35: 977-994.
- Bhagwat, S.A., Willis, K.J., Birks, H.J.B. and Whittaker, R.J. (2008) Agroforestry: A refuge for tropical biodiversity? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23(5): 261-267.
- Araújo, M.B., Nogués-Bravo, D., Reginster, I., Rounsevell, M. and Whittaker, R.J. (2008) Exposure of European biodiversity to changes in human-induced pressures. Environmental Science and Policy, 11: 38-45.
- Liu, C., Whittaker, R.J., Ma, K., and Malcolm, J.R. (2007) Unifying and distinguishing diversity ordering methods for comparing communities. Population Ecology, 49: 89-100
- O'Dea, N. and Whittaker, R.J. (2007) How resilient are Andean montane forest bird communities to habitat degradation? Biodiversity and Conservation, 16: 1131-1159.
- Parmentier, I., Malhi, Y., Senterre, B., Whittaker, R.J., A.T.D.N. Alonso, A., Balinga, M.P.B., Bakayoko, A., Bongers, F., Chatelain, C., Comiskey, J.A., Cortay, R., Kamdem, M-N. D, Doucet, J-L., Gautier, L., Hawthorne, W.D., Issembe, Y.A., Kouamé, F.N., Kouka, L.A., Leal, M.E., Lejoly, J., Lewis, S.L., Nusbaumer, L., Parren, M.P.E., Peh, K. S.-H., Phillips, O.L., Poorter, L., Sheil, D., Sonké, B., Sosef, M.S.M., Sunderland, T.C.H., Stropp, J., ter Steege, H., Swaine, M.D., Tchouto, M.G.P., van Gemerden, B.S., van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H., and Wö ll, H. (2007) The odd man out? Might climate explain the lower tree-diversity of African rain forests relative to Amazonian rain forests? Journal of Ecology. Published article online: 30-Jul-2007.
- Ugland, K.I., Lambshead, P.J.D., McGill, B., Gray, J.S., O'Dea, N., Ladle, R.J., and Whittaker, R.J. (2007) Modelling dimensionality in species abundance distributions: description and evaluation of the Gambin model. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 9: 313-324.
- Whittaker, R.J., Ladle, R.J., Araújo, M.B., Fernández-Palacios, J.M., Delgado, J.D. and Arévalo, J.R. (2007) The island immaturity - speciation pulse model of island evolution: an alternative to the 'diversity begets diversity' model. Ecography, 30: 321-327.
- Whittaker, R.J., Nogués-Bravo, D., and Araújo, M.B. (2007) Geographic gradients of species richness: a test of the water-energy conjecture of Hawkins et al. (2003) using European data for five taxa. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16: 76-89.
- Willis, K.J., Kleczkowski, A., New, M. and Whittaker, R.J. (2007) Testing the impact of climate variability on European plant diversity: 320,000 years of water-energy dynamics and its long-term influence on plant taxonomic richness. Ecology Letters, 10: 673-679.
- Henderson, S., Dawson, T.P. and Whittaker, R.J. (2006) Progress in invasive plants research. Progress in Physical Geography, 30: 25-46.
- O'Dea, N., Araújo, M.B. and Whittaker, R.J. (2006) How well do Important Bird Areas represent species and minimise conservation conflict in the tropical Andes? Diversity and Distributions, 12: 205-214.
- O'Dea, N., Whittaker, R.J. and Ugland, K.I. (2006) Using spatial heterogeneity to extrapolate species richness: a new method tested on Ecuadorian cloud forest birds. Journal of Applied Ecology, 43: 189-198.
- Whittaker, R.J. (2006) Island species-energy theory. Journal of Biogeography, 33: 11-12.
- Araújo, M.B., Whittaker, R.J., Ladle, R.J., and Erhard, M. (2005) Reducing uncertainty in projections of extinction risk from climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 14: 529-538.
- Field, R., O'Brien, E.M. and Whittaker, R.J. (2005) Global models for predicting woody plant richness from climate: development and evaluation. Ecology, 86: 2263-2277.
- Ingram, J.C., Whittaker, R.J., and Dawson, T.P. (2005) Tree structure and diversity in human-impacted littoral forests, Madagascar. Environmental Management, 35: 779-798.
- Ladle, R.J., Jepson, P., and Whittaker, R.J. (2005) Scientists and the media: the struggle for legitimacy in climate change and conservation science. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 30: 231-240.
- Watson, J.E.M, Whittaker, R.J. and Dawson, T.P. (2005) The importance of littoral forest remnants for indigenous bird conservation in southeastern Madagascar. Biodiversity & Conservation, 14: 523-545.
- Watson, J.E.M., Whittaker, R.J. and Freudenberger, D. (2005) Bird community responses to habitat fragmentation: how consistent are they across landscapes? Journal of Biogeography, 32: 1353-1370.
- Whittaker, R.J., Araújo, M.B., Jepson, P., Ladle, R.J., Watson, J.E.M. and Willis, K.J. (2005) Conservation Biogeography: assessment and prospect. Diversity and Distributions, 11: 3-23.
- Ingram, J.C., Dawson, T.P. and Whittaker, R.J. (2004) Mapping tropical forest structure in southeastern Madagascar using remote sensing and artificial neural networks. Remote Sensing of Environment, 94: 491-507.
- Ladle, R., Jepson, P., Araújo, M.B. and Whittaker, R.J. (2004) Dangers of crying wolf over risk of extinctions. Nature, 482: 799.
- O'Dea, N., Watson, J.E.M. and Whittaker, R.J. (2004) Rapid assessment in conservation research: a critique of avifaunal assessment techniques illustrated by Ecuadorian and Madagascan case study data. Diversity and Distributions, 10: 55-63.
- Sperling, F., Washington, R. and Whittaker, R.J. (2004) Future climate of the subtropical North Atlantic: implications for the cloud forests of Tenerife. Climatic Change, 65: 103-123.
- Thuiller, W., Araújo, M.B., Pearson, R.G., Whittaker, R.J., Brotons, L., and Lavorel, S. (2004) Uncertainty in predictions of extinction risk. Nature, 430.
- Watson, J.M, Whittaker, R.J. and T.P. Dawson (2004a) Habitat structure and proximity to forest edge affect the abundance and distribution of forest-dependent birds in tropical coastal forests of southeastern Madagascar. Biological Conservation, 120: 311-327.
- Watson, J.E.M, Whittaker, R.J. and Dawson, T.P. (2004b) Avifaunal responses to habitat fragmentation in the threatened littoral forests of south-eastern Madagascar. Journal of Biogeography, 31: 1791-1807.
- Whittaker, R.J. (2004) The island biogeography of a long-running natural experiment: Krakatau, Indonesia. In, Fernández-Palacios, J.M. and Morici, C. (eds.) Ecología Insular / Island Ecology, pp. 57-59. Asociació n Española de Ecología Terrestre (AEET)- Cabildo Insular de La Palma.
- Whittaker, R.J. (2004) The importance of islands. Chapter and section introduction. In, Brown, J.H., Lomolino, M.V. and Sax, D. (eds.) Foundations of Biogeography. Chicaco, Chicago University Press.
- Whittaker, R.J. (2004) Dynamic hypotheses of richness on islands and continents. In, M.V. Lomolino and L.R. Heaney (eds.) Frontiers of Biogeography: new directions in the geography of Nature. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA. (2004). pp. 211-231.
- Henderson, S.J. and Whittaker, R.J. (2003) Islands, version 1.0. In, Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. London: Nature Publishing Group. http://www.els.net/
- Sharp, B. and Whittaker, R.J. (2003) The irreversible cattle-driven transformation of a seasonally flooded Australian savanna. Journal of Biogeography, 30: 783-802.
- Whittaker, R.J. and Heegaard, E. (2003) What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity: comment. Ecology, 84(12): 3384-3390.
- Whittaker, R.J. and Sax, D. (2003) A 21st century Pangea? The emergence of a new international forum for Biogeographers. Journal of Biogeography, 30: 315-317.
- Whittaker, R.J., Willis, K.J., and Field, R. (2003) Climatic-energetic explanations of diversity: a macroscopic perspective. In, Blackburn, T.M. and Gaston, K.J. (eds.) Macroecology: concepts and consequences. British Ecological Society Symposia Series, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. pp. 107-129.
- Bush, M.B. and Whittaker, R.J. (2002) Editorial: climate change and conservation special issue. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 11: 443.
- Jepson, P. and Whittaker, R.J. (2002) Ecoregions in context: a critique with special reference to Indonesia. Conservation Biology, 16: 42-57.
- Jepson, P. and Whittaker, R.J. (2002) Histories of Protected Areas: internationalism of conservationist values and their adoption in the Netherlands Indies (Indonesia). Environment and History, 8: 129-172.
- Whittaker, R.J. (2002) Island Biogeography. In, M. Pagel et al. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Evolution, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Willis, K.J. and Whittaker, R.J. (2002) Species diversity - scale matters. Science, 295: 1245-1248.
- Matthews, J.A., Bridges, E.M., Caseldine, C.J., Luckman, A.J., Owen, G., Perry, A.H., Shakesby, R.A., Walsh, R.P.D., Whittaker, R.J., and Willis, K.J. (eds.) (2001) The encyclopaedic dictionary of environmental change. London: Arnold xiii, 690pp.
- Whittaker, R.J., Willis, K.J., and Field, R. (2001) Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography, 28: 453-470.
- O'Brien, E.M., Field, R., and Whittaker, R.J. (2000) Climatic gradients in woody plant (tree and shrub) diversity: water-energy dynamics, residual variation, and topography. Oikos, 89: 588-600.
- Whittaker, R.J. (2000) Scale, succession and complexity in island biogeography: are we asking the right questions? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 9: 75-85.
- Whittaker, R.J. (2000) Krakatau. In, M.C. MacCracken and J.S. Perry (eds.) Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, vol. 1. John Wiley, Chichester.
- Whittaker, R.J. and Field, R. (2000) Tree species richness modelling: an approach of global applicability? Oikos, 89: 399-402.
- Whittaker, R.J., Field, R., and Partomihardjo, T. (2000) How to go extinct: lessons from the lost plants of Krakatau. Journal of Biogeography, 27: 1049-1064.
- Willis, K.J. and Whittaker, R.J. (2000) The refugial debate. Science, 287: 1406-1407.
- Shilton, L.A., Altringham, J.D., Compton, S.G. and Whittaker, R.J. (1999) Old World fruit bats can be long-distance seed dispersers through extended retention of viable seeds in the gut. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B, 266: 219-223.
- Whittaker, R.J. (1999) Scaling, energetics and diversity. Nature, 401: 865-866.
- Whittaker, R.J., Partomihardjo, T., and Jones, S.H. (1999) Interesting times on Krakatau: stand dynamics in the 1990s. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 354: 1857-1867.
- Mawdsley, N.A., Compton, S.G., and Whittaker, R.J. (1998) Population persistence, pollination mutualisms, and figs in fragmented tropical landscapes. Conservation Biology, 12: 1416-1420.
- O'Brien, E.M., Whittaker, R.J. and Field, R. (1998) Climate and woody plant diversity in southern Africa: relationships at species, genus and family levels. Ecography, 21: 495-509.
- Schlesinger, W.H., Bruijnzeel, L.A., Bush, M.B., Klein, E.M., Mace, K.A., Raikes, J.A. and Whittaker, R.J. (1998) The biogeochemistry of phosphorous after the first century of soil development on Rakata Island, Krakatau, Indonesia. Biogeochemistry, 40: 37-55.
- Schmitt, S.F., and Whittaker, R.J. (1998) Disturbance and succession on the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia. In, D.M. Newbery, H.N.T. Prins and N.D. Brown (eds.) Dynamics of Tropical Communities. British Ecological Society Symposium, 37: 515-548.
- Whittaker, R.J. (1998) Island Biogeography: ecology, evolution, and conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford. xi, 285pp.
- Whittaker, R.J., Schmitt, S.F., Jones, S.H., Partomihardjo, T. and Bush, M.B. (1998) Stand biomass and tree mortality from permanent forest plots on Krakatau, 1989-1995. Biotropica, 30: 519-529.
- Petch, J.R. and Whittaker, R.J. (1997) Chronology of the Austerdalen glacier foresland, Norway. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 41: 309-317.
- Whittaker, R.J., Jones, S.H., and Partomihardjo, T. (1997) The re-building of an isolated rain forest assemblage: how disharmonic is the flora of Krakatau? Biodiversity and Conservation, 6: 1671-1696.
- Bush, M.B., Whittaker, R.J. and Partomihardjo, T. (1995) Colonization and succession on Krakatau: an analysis of the guild of vining plants. Biotropica, 27: 355-372.
- Whittaker, R.J. (1995) Disturbed island ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10: 421-425.
- Whittaker, R.J., Partomihardjo, T., and Riswan, S. (1995) Surface and buried seed banks from Krakatau, Indonesia: implications for the sterilization hypothesis. Biotropica, 27: 346-354.
- Wilson, J.B. and Whittaker, R.J. (1995) Assembly rules demonstrated in a salt marsh community. Journal of Ecology, 83: 801-807.
- Whittaker, R.J. and Bush, M.B. (1994) Anak Krakatau and old Krakatau - a further comment. Geojournal, 33: 491-492.
- Whittaker, R.J. and Jones, S.H. (1994a) Structure in re-building insular ecosystems: an empirically derived model. Oikos, 69: 524-530.
- Whittaker, R.J. and Jones, S.H. (1994b) The role of frugivorous bats and birds in the rebuilding of a tropical forest ecosystem, Krakatau, Indonesia. Journal of Biogeography, 21: 689-702.
- Whittaker, R.J. and Turner, B.D. (1994) Dispersal, fruit utilization and seed predation of Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum in early-successional rain forest, Krakatau, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 10: 167-181.
- Bush, M.B. and Whittaker, R.J. (1993) Non-equilibration in island theory of Krakatau. Journal of Biogeography, 20: 453-458.
- Innes, J.L. and Whittaker, R.J. (1993) Relationships between the crown condition of Sitka and Norway spruce and the environment in Great Britain: an exploratory analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30: 341-360.
- Whittaker, R.J. (1993) Plant population patterns in a glacier foreland succession: pioneer herbs and later-colonizing shrubs. Ecography, 16: 117-136.
- Whittaker, R.J. and Bush, M.B. (1993a) Anak Krakatau and old Krakatau: a reply. Geojournal, 29: 417-420.
- Whittaker, R.J. and Bush, M.B. (1993b) Dispersal and establishment of tropical forest assemblages, Krakatau, Indonesia. In, J. Miles and D.W.H. Walton (eds.) Primary Succession on Land. Special publication series of the British Ecological Society, 12: 147-160.
- Bush, M.B., Whittaker, R.J. and Partomihardjo, T. (1992) Forest development on Rakata, Panjang and Sertung: contemporary dynamics (1979-1989). Geojournal, 28: 185-199.
- Partomihardjo, T., Mirmanto, E. and Whittaker, R.J. (1992) Anak Krakatau's vegetation and flora circa 1991, with observations on a decade of development and change. Geojournal, 28: 233-248.
- Whittaker, R.J., Bush, M.B., Partomihardjo, T., Asquith, N.M. and Richards, K. (1992) Ecological aspects of plant colonisation of the Krakatau Islands. Geojournal, 28: 201-211.
- Whittaker, R.J., Walden, J. and Hill, J. (1992) Post-1883 ash fall on Panjang and Sertung and its ecological impact. Geojournal, 28: 153-171.
- Bush, M.B. and Whittaker, R.J. (1991a) Krakatau: Colonization patterns and hierarchies. Journal of Biogeography, 18: 341-356.
- Bush, M.B. and Whittaker, R.J. (1991b) A revision of estimates of bird colonization on Krakatau. Journal of Biogeography, 18: 585.
- Walden, J., Whittaker, R.J. and Hill, J. (1991) The use of mineral magnetic analyses as an aid in investigating the recent volcanic disturbance history of the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia. The Holocene, 1: 262-268.
- Whittaker, R.J. (1991a) Small-scale pattern: an evaluation of techniques with an application to salt-marsh vegetation. Vegetatio, 94: 81-94.
- Whittaker, R.J. (1991b) The vegetation of the Storbreen gletschervorfeld, Jotunheimen, Norway. IV. Short term vegetation change. Journal of Biogeography, 18: 41-52.
- Whittaker, R.J. (1989) The vegetation of the Storbreen gletschervorfeld, Jotunheimen, Norway. III. Vegetation-environment relationships. Journal of Biogeography, 16: 413-434.
- Whittaker, R.J., Bush, M.B. and Richards, K. (1989) Plant recolonization and vegetation succession on the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia. Ecological Monographs, 59: 59-123.
- Matthews, J.A. and Whittaker, R.J. (1987) Vegetation succession on the Storbreen glacier foreland, Jotunheimen, Norway: a review. Arctic and Alpine Research, 19: 385-395.
- Whittaker, R.J. (1987) An application of Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling to the identification and analysis of environmental factor complexes and vegetation structures. Journal of Ecology, 75: 363-376.




