Professor Gordon L. Clark
- Halford Mackinder Professor of Geography
- Fellow of St Peter's College, Oxford
- Sir Louis Matheson Distinguished Visiting Professor, Faculty of Business and Economics, Monash University, Melbourne.
- Director of the International Graduate School
- Co-ordinator of the Transformations: Economy, Society and Place research cluster
- Tel: +44 (0)1865 285197
- PA: Amanda Diener
- Tel: +44 (0)1865 285067
- Email: gordon.clark@ouce.ox.ac.uk
Academic Profile
Gordon L Clark DSc (Oxon) FBA is the Halford Mackinder Professor of Geography at Oxford University, holds a Professorial Fellowship at St Peter's College and is Sir Louis Matheson Distinguished Visiting Professor at Monash University's Faculty of Business and Economics (Melbourne). Until recently he was also a Senior Research Associate at Harvard Law School. Previous academic appointments have been at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, the University of Chicago, Carnegie Mellon's Heinz School and Monash University. Other honours including include being Andrew Mellon Fellow at the US National Academy of Sciences and Visiting Scholar Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst at the University of Marburg.
He has held a number of senior administrative posts including Associate Dean (Finance, Graduate Studies) and Dean of the Faculty of Arts at Monash University (Melbourne), Chair of the Faculty Board of Anthropology and Geography (Oxford), and most recently Director and Head of the Oxford University Centre for the Environment including the School of Geography and the Environment. Professor Clark has served on the Social Science Committee of the British Academy, is an elected member of the Oxford University's Socially Responsible Investment Committee (overseeing investment of the university's endowment), is an employer-nominated trustee of the Oxford Staff Pension Scheme, is a consultant to MetallRente (Germany's largest DC pension plan), and is a Founding Governor of the UK Pension Policy Institute.
An economic geographer with an abiding interest in the tension between global financial integration and national and regional institutions, his research has a number of related strands. One is focused on global finance and the investment management industry including the governance structure and decision-making performance of pension funds, endowments, and sovereign wealth funds. Papers on this topic have been published in the Journal of Pension Economics and Finance (2004, 2006, 2007), the Rotman International Journal of Pension Management (2008, 2010), the Journal of Asset Management (2008), Risk Management and Insurance Review (2009), and Pensions: An International Journal (2010). With Ashby Monk, he is currently completing a monograph on the governance of sovereign wealth funds for Princeton University Press (forthcoming 2012).
His research on household financial decision-making has focused on long-term saving for retirement utilising theories and methods from the behavioural and social sciences in the context of risk and uncertainty. Papers on this topic have been published in the Transactions IBG (2007), Ageing and Society (2008), Environment and Planning A (2009), Pensions: An International Journal (2009), the Journal of Economic Geography (2010) and Urban Studies (2011) supported, in part, by the ESRC, Mercers and Towers Wyatt. With Kendra Strauss and Janelle Knox-Hayes, he is co-author of Saving for Retirement (OUP, 2012). Recent books include the co-edited Managing Financial Risks: From the Global to the Local (OUP 2009) (with Ashby Monk and Adam Dixon), The Geography of Finance (OUP 2007) (with Dariusz Wójcik), Pension Fund Capitalism (OUP 2000), European Pensions & Global Finance (OUP 2003), the co-edited Pension Security in the 21st Century (OUP 2003) and the Oxford Handbook of Pensions and Retirement Income (OUP 2006).
More generally, he has been interested in the responsibilities and behaviour of institutional investors as regards long-term environmental change. This has involved research on institutions' proxy voting behaviour (Environment and Planning A 2008), the strategies of corporate engagement given concerns about environmental liabilities and the sensitivity of firms to brand image and reputation (Environment and Planning A 2005), the UK regulation of corporate disclosure on issues related to environment and social responsibility (University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law 2009), and the governance of investment strategy which has an explicit long-term character (Asian Journal of International Law 2011). As such, his current research focuses upon the design of investment institutions (with Ashby Monk), and the interaction between governance and institutional decision-making in the interests of long-term environmental sustainability and the market for corporate engagement. In part, this project has developed in collaboration with Oxford graduate students as well as his collaboration with UNPRI, Mercers, Towers Watson, and the project led by Tessa Hebb at Carleton University (Ottawa) funded by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
Teaching
MSc in Nature, Society and Environmental Policy
Current graduate students include:
- Pin-Hsien Chen
The reform of pension systems in Taiwan - Dorothee Franzen
Impact of regulation on the asset investment of defined benefit pension funds - Nicholas Howarth
The economics and politics of energy and climate change - Caitlin McElroy
Corporate social responsibility in the extractive and energy industries: effects on resource use and indigenous development - Alex Money
Corporate water risk: a concept in search of consensus - Dane Rook
Behavioural strategy and geographic reckoning in environmental investments: managing heuristic bias in sustainability decision dynamics - Rajiv Sharma
The role of private institutional investors in developing urban infrastructure assets - Yin Yang
A comparative study of low-carbon paradigm for local-scale economy between London and Beijing
D.Phil. students successfully completing since 2001:
- Csaba Burger (2011)
Occupational pensions in Germany - an economic geography - Taylor Gray (2011)
A corporate geography of Canada: governance and networks - Claire Woods (2011)
Legal frameworks for sustainable investment - Eric Knight (2010)
The finance of climate change: transitioning to a low carbon economy - Leng Lee (2010)
Rural-urban migration in China - Ville-Pekka Sorsa (2010)
Pension fund capitalism in Europe: institutional organisation and governance of investment in Finnish pension insurance companies - Adam Dixon (2009)
The geography of European financial integration and long-term asset management - Janelle Knox-Hayes (2009)
Constructing an international market for carbon trading: an institutional perspective. - Lisa Hagerman (2008)
Public pension fund investment in urban revitalization. - Ashby Monk (2008)
The burden of corporate pension liabilities in the emerging global economy. - Kendra Strauss (2008)
Choice, risk and the context of decision making in UK pensions. - Emiko Caerlewy-Smith (2007)
Investment decision-making: attitudes and actions of UK defined benefit pension fund trustees. - James Salo (2006)
Corporate environmental performance: governance, intangible assets, and financial markets. - Morag Torrance (2006)
The financialisation of the urban infrastructure landscape: unravelling financial flows into urban geographies. - Terry Babcock-Lumish (2004)
Communities of trust: decision making and innovation - Tessa Hebb (2004)
Pension fund corporate engagement: causes and consequences. - Dariusz Wójcik (2002)
Corporate governance and capital market integration in Europe: an economic geography perspective.
Selected Publications
Books (since 2001)
Clark, G.L., Strauss, K. and Knox-Hayes, J. (2012) Saving for Retirement. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 224 pp. ISBN: 978-0-19-960085-4.
Clark, G.L., Dixon, A.D. and A.H.B. Monk (2009) Managing Financial Risks: From Global to Local. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 352 pp. ISBN: 978-0-19-955743-1.
Clark, G.L. and D. Wójcik (2007) The Geography of Finance: Corporate Governance in the Global Marketplace. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 272 pp. ISBN: 978-0-19-921336-8.
Clark, G.L., A. Munnell and M. Orszag (eds.) (2006) The Oxford Handbook of Pensions and Retirement Income. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 936 pp. ISBN: 978-0-19-927246-4.
Clark, G.L. and P. Tracey (2004) Global Competitiveness and Innovation. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke and New York.
Clark, G.L. (2003) European Pensions and Global Finance. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Clark, G.L. and N. Whiteside (eds.) (2003) Pension Security in the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Papers and Articles (since 2005)
Recent papers with colleagues can be found at the Working Papers in Employment, Work and Finance website.
- Clark, G.L. and Knight, E.R.W. (2011) Temptation and the virtues of long-term commitment: the governance of sovereign wealth fund investment. Asian Journal of International Law, 1: 321-348.
- Clark, G.L. and Monk, A.H.B. (2011) Pension reserve funds: aligning form and function. Rotman International Journal of Pension Management, 4(2): 18-25.
- Clark, G.L. and Monk, A.H.B. (2011) The political economy of US-China trade and investment: the role of the China Investment Corporation. Competition and Change, 15(2): 97-115.
- Clark, G.L. and Urwin, R. (2011) DC pension fund best-practice design and governance. Benefits Quarterly, Fourth Quarter 2011: 36-49.
- Burger, C. and Clark, G.L. (2011) The German model of risk distribution in supplementary occupational pensions. The Journal of Risk, 13(3).
- Clark, G.L. (2011) Myopia and the global financial crisis: Context-specific reasoning, market structure, and institutional governance. Dialogues in Human Geography, 1(1): 4-25.
- Burger, C., Clark, G.L., Franzen, D., Heldmann, J. and Karch, H. (2011) Betriebliche altersvorsorge in Deutschland - ergebnisse einer expertenumfrage. Betriebliche Altersversorgung, 1: 64-72.
- Clark, G.L. (2010) Brian Berry. Chapter 7 in, Hubbard, P. and R. Kitchin (eds.) Key thinkers on space and place, 2nd ed. Sage Publications, ISBN: 9781849201025. pp. 63-68.
- Clark, G.L., Monk, A., Dixon, A., Pauly, L.W., Faulconbridge, J., Yeung, J.W. and Behrendt, S. (2010) Symposium: sovereign fund capitalism. Environment and Planning, A, 42: 2271-2291.
- Strauss, K. and Clark, G.L. (2010) The geographical pension gap: understanding patterns of inequality in UK occupational pensions. In, Coe, N. and A. Jones (eds.) The economic geography of the UK. Sage, London. ISBN: 9781849200899.
- Clark, G.L. (2010) Human nature, the environment, and behaviour: explaining the scope and geographical scale of financial decision-making. Geografiska Annaler: B, Human Geography, 92(2): 159-173.
- Clark, G.L. and Monk, A.H.B. (2010) The Norwegian government pension fund: ethics over efficiency. Rotman International Journal of Pension Management, 3(1): 14-19.
- Clark, G.L. and Monk, A.H.B. (2010)The legitimacy and governance of Norway's Sovereign Wealth Fund: The ethics of global investment. Environment and Planning, A, 42(7): 1723-1738.
- Clark, G.L. and Monk, A.H.B. (2010) Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC): insurer of last resort and bulwark of nation-state legitimacy. The Pacific Review, 23(4): 429-451.
- Clark, G.L., Durán-Fernández, R. and Strauss, K. (2010) 'Being in the market': the UK house-price bubble and the intended structure of individual pension investment portfolios. Journal of Economic Geography, 10: 331-359.
- Clark, G.L. and Urwin, R. (2010) Innovative models of pension fund governance in the context of the global financial crisis. Pensions, 15(1): 62-77.
- Clark, G.L. (2010) Myopia and the global financial crisis: short-termism, context-specific reasoning, and market structure. SPACES online, 8(2010-01).
- Clark, G.L., Knox-Hayes, J. and Strauss, K. (2009) Financial sophistication, salience, and the scale of deliberation in UK retirement planning. Environment and Planning A, 41: 2496-2515.
- Clark, G.L., Marshall, J.C. and Strauss, K. (2009) Financial Knowledge. In, Kitchin, R. and Thrift, N. (eds.) International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Elsevier, Oxford. pp. 159-166.
- Lee, R., Clark, G.L., Pollard, J. and Leyshon, A. (2009) The remit of financial geography – before and after the crisis. Journal of Economic Geography, 9: 723-727.
- Clark, G.L. and Knight, E.R.W. (2009) Implications of the UK Companies Act 2006 for Institutional Investors and the Market for Corporate Social Responsibility. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law, 11(2): 259-96.
- Clark, G.L. and Knox-Hayes, J. (2009) The 'new' paternalism, consultation and consent: Expectations of UK participants in defined contribution and self-directed retirement savings schemes. Pensions, 14(1): 58-74.
- Clark, G.L. and Urwin, R. (2008) Making Pensions Boards Work: The Critical Role of Leadership. Rotman International Journal of Pension Management, 1(1): 38-45.
- Clark, G.L. (2008) Governing finance: Global imperatives and the challenge of reconciling community representation with expertise. Economic Geography, 84: 281-302.
- Bauer, R., Braun, R. and Clark, G.L. (2008) The emerging market for European corporate governance: the relationship between governance and capital expenditures, 1997–2005. Journal of Economic Geography, 8(4): 441-469.
- Clark, G.L. and Strauss, K. (2008) Individual pension related risk propensities: the effects of socio-demographic characteristics and a spousal pension entitlement on risk attitudes. Ageing and Society, 28: 847-874.
- Clark, G.L. and Salo, J. (2008) Corporate governance and environmental risk management: a quantitative analysis of 'New Paradigm' firms. Ch. 5 in, Quarter, J., Carmichael, I. and Ryan, S. (eds) Pensions at Work: Socially Responsible Investment of Union-Based Pension Funds. University of Toronto Press.
- Clark, G.L., Hebb, T. and Hagerman, L. (2008) Pension funds role in urban investing. Pensions and Investments, May 26, 2008.
- Clark, G.L., Salo, J. and Hebb, T. (2008) Social and environmental shareholder activism in the public spotlight: US corporate annual meetings, campaign strategies, and environmental performance, 2001-04. Environment and Planning A, 40: 1370-1390.
- Clark, G.L. and Urwin, R. (2008) Best-practice pension fund governance. Journal of Asset Management, 9(1): 12-21.
- Clark, G.L. and Monk, A.H.B. (2008) Conceptualizing the Defined Benefit Pension Promise: Implications From a Survey of Expert Opinion. Benefits Quarterly, First Quarter: 7-31.
- Babcock-Lumish, T.L. and Clark, G.L. (2008) Pricing the Economic Landscape: Global Financial Markets and the Communities and Institutions of Risk Management. In, Wescoat Jr., J.L. and Johnston, D.M. (eds.) Political Economies of Landscape Change. Springer.
- Clark, G.L. and Knox-Hayes, J. (2007) Mapping UK pension benefits and the intended purchase of annuities in the aftermath of the 1990s stock market bubble. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 32(4): 539-555.
- Clark, G.L. (2007) Chapter 15: Beyond close dialogue: Economic geography as if it matters. In, Tickell, A. et al (eds.) Politics and practice: Economic geography. pp. 187-198.
- Clark, G.L., E. Caerlewy-Smith and J.C. Marshall (2007) The consistency of UK pension fund trustee decision-making. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 6(1): 67-85.
- Clark, G.L. and A.H.B. Monk (2007) The 'crisis' in defined benefit corporate pension liabilities Part II: Current solutions and future prospects. Pensions: An International Journal, 12(2): 68-81.
- Clark, G.L. and A.H.B. Monk (2007) The 'crisis' in defined benefit corporate pension liabilities. Part I: Scope of the problem. Pensions: An International Journal, 12(1): 43-54.
- Clark, G.L. (2007) Expertise and representation in financial institutions: UK legislation on pension fund governance and US regulation of the mutual fund industry. 21st Century Society: Journal of the Academy of Social Sciences, 2: 1-23.
- Clark, G.L., T. Hebb and D. Wójcik (2007) Institutional investors and the language of finance: the global metrics of market performance. Chapter 2 in, J. Godfrey and K. Chalmers (eds.) Globalisation of Accounting Standards. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. pp. 15-33.
- Hagerman, L.A., Clark, G.L. and Hebb, T. (2007) Investment intermediaries in economic development: linking public pension funds to urban revitalization. Community Development Investment Review, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 3(1): 45-65.
- Clark, G.L., D. Wójcik and R. Bauer (2006) Geographically dispersed ownership and inter-market stock price arbitrage: Ahold's crisis of corporate governance and its implications for global standards. Journal of Economic Geography, 6: 303-322.
- Clark, G.L., E. Caerlewy-Smith and J.C. Marshall (2006) Pension fund trustee competence: Decision making in problems relevant to investment practice. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 5(1): 91-110.
- Clark, G.L. (2006) The UK occupational pension system in crisis. In, H. Pemberton, P. Thane, and N. Whiteside (eds.) Britain's Pensions Crisis: History and Policy. Oxford University Press for the British Academy, London. pp. 145-168.
- Clark, G.L. and Hebb, T. (2005) Why should they care? The role of institutional investors in the market for corporate global responsibility. Environment and Planning A, 37(11): 2015-2031.
- Clark, G.L. and Wójcik, D. (2005) Path dependence and financial markets: the economic geography of the German model, 1997-2003. Environment and Planning A, 37(10): 1769-1791.
- Clark, G.L. (2005) Money flows like mercury: the geography of global finance. Geografiska Annaler B, 87(2): 99-112.
- Clark, G.L. and Wójcik, D. (2005) Financial valuation of the German model: the negative relationship between ownership concentration and stock market returns. Economic Geography, 81(1): 11-30.


