Publications


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2007

Engelstaedter, S. and Washington, R , Atmospheric controls on the annual cycle of North African dust, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres [ Reprint ]

Engelstaedter S, Washington R Temporal controls on global dust emissions: The role of surface gustiness Geophys Research Letters 34 (15): Art. No. L15805 AUG 7 2007 [ Reprint ]

Warren A, Chappell A, Todd MC, Washington, R et al. Dust-raising in the dustiest place on earth GEOMORPHOLOGY 92 (1-2): 25-37 NOV 15 2007 [ Reprint ]

Todd,M.C., V.Martins, R. Washington, G. Lizcano, S. Mbainayel, S. Engelstaedter, Mineral dust emission from the Bodele Depression, northern Chad, during BoDEx 2005 J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 12 (D6): Art. No. D06207 MAR 22 2007 [ Reprint ]

Brncic TM, Willis KJ, Harris DJ, Washington, R. , Culture or climate? The relative influences of past processes on the composition of the lowland Congo rainforest Philosophical Transations of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 362 (1478): 229-242 FEB 28 2007 [ Reprint ]

Stainforth DA, Downing TE, Washington R, et al. Issues in the interpretation of climate model ensembles to inform decisions Philosophical Transations of the Royal Society A-Mathematical and Engineering Sciences 365 (1857): 2163-2177 AUG 15 2007 [ Reprint ]

Bouet C., G. Cautenet, R. Washington, M. C. Todd, B. Laurent, B. Marticorena, G. Bergametti (2007), Mesoscale modeling of aeolian dust emission during the BoDEx 2005 experiment,Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L07812, doi:10.1029/2006GL029184. [ reprint ]

2006


Washington, R., M. Harrison, D. Conway, E. Black, A. Challinor, D. Grimes, R. Jones, A. Morse, G. Kay, M. Todd (2006) African Climate Change: Taking the Shorter Route, Bulletin American Meteorol Soc 87 (10): 1355+ OCT 2006 [ Reprint ]

Washington, R., and A. Preston, Extreme wet years in southern Africa: the role of the Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res, Atmospheres Vol 111 D15104 doi:10.1029/2005JD006724 [ Reprint ]

Engelstaedter, S., Washington, R., and I. Tegen, North African dust, Earth Science Reviews ,79 (1-2): 73-100 NOV 2006 [ Reprint ]

Washington, R., M.C. Todd, G.Lizcano, I.Tegen, C. Flamant, I. Koren, P.Ginoux, S. Engelstaedter, A..S.Goudie, C.S. Zender, C. Bristow and J. Prospero, Links between topography, wind, deflation, lakes and dust: The case of the Bodélé depression, Chad, Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 33, L09401, doi:10.1029/2006GL025827, 2006 [ Reprint ]

Washington, R., M.C.Todd, S.Engelstaedter, S. Mbainayel and F. Mitchell, Dust and the Low Level Circulation over the Bodélé Depression, Chad: Observations from BoDEx 2005, J. Geophys. Res.Atmospheres Vol. 111, No. D3, D03201 [ Reprint ]

Tegen, I., Heinold, B, Todd, M.C., Helmert, J., Washington, R . and O Dubovik, Modelling soil dust aerosols in the Bodele Depression during the BoDEx campaign, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics [ Reprint ]

Koren,I., Kaufman,Y.J., Washington,R., Todd, M.C. Rudich, Y., Martins,J.V. and Rosenfeld, D. 2006: The Bodélé depression: a single spot in the Sahara that provides most of the mineral dust to the Amazon forest Environmental Research Letters [ reprint ]



2005


Washington, R. and M.C.Todd, Atmospheric Controls on Mineral Dust Emission from the Bodélé Depression, Chad: The role of the Low Level Jet, Geophysical Research Letters 32 (17): Art. No. L17701, 2005, [ Reprint ]

Bharwani, S., M. Bithell, T.E. Downing, M. New, R. Washington and G. Ziervogel , Multi-agent modelling of climate outlooks and food security on a community garden scheme in Limpopo, South Africa, Philosophical Transactions: B , Volume 360, Number 1463 / 2183 – 2194. November 29, 2005. [ Reprint ]

Ziervogel, G., M. Bithell, R.Washington and T , Downing, Agent-based social simulation: a method for assessing the impact of seasonal climate forecast applications among smallholder farmers, Agricultural Systems 83 (1): 1-26 Jan 2005.

Efthymiadis D, New M, Washington R, On the reconstruction of seasonal oceanic precipitation in the presatellite era, J. Geophys. Res 110 (D6): Art. No. D06103 Mar 17 2005. [ Reprint ]

2004

Washington, R., M. Harrison, D. Conway, E. Black, A. Challinor, D. Grimes, R. Jones, A. Morse, G. Kay, M. Todd, 2004: African Climate Report, DFID/Defra , [ Reprint ]

Todd .MC, and R.Washington Climate variability in central equatorial Africa: Influence from the Atlantic sector, Geophysical Research Letters 31 (23): Art. No. L23202 DEC 4 2004. [ Reprint ]


Sperling, F., Washington, R. and Whittaker, R.J.: Future climate of subtropical North Atlantic: Implications for the cloud forests of Tenerife. Climatic Change 65 (1-2): 103-123, 2004. [ Reprint ]


Todd MC, Washington R, Palmer PI ,: Water vapour transport associated with tropical-temperate trough systems over southern Africa and the southwest Indian Ocean Int J Climatol 24 (5): 555-568 Apr 2004. [ Reprint ]


2003

Washington R, Preston A, Todd M: Sea surface temperature influences on African rainfall variability, B Am Meteorol Soc 84 (7): 899-900 Jul 2003. [ Reprint ]


Washington R, Todd M, Middleton NJ, Goudie AS: Dust-storm source areas determined by the total ozone monitoring spectrometer and surface observations Ann Assoc Am Geogr 93 (2): 297-313 Jun 2003. [ Reprint ]


Washington R and Swann M Climate Outlooks for Water Management Adaptation to Climate Change in the Middle East Water Resources Perspectives: management and policy, Ed A.S. Alsharhan and W.W. Wood, Elsevier Science, 244-268, 2003.

Todd MC, Washington R, James T : Characteristics of summertime daily rainfall variability over South America and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone Meteorol Atmos Phys 83 (1-2): 89-108, 2003.

Boardman, J., Parsons, A.J., Holland, R., Holmes, P.J. and Washington, R . Development of badlands and gullies in the Sneeuberg, Great Karoo, South Africa Catena 50 (2-4): 165-184 Jan 2003.

Washington, R. and Preston, A. Southern African rainfall - the role of the Indian and Pacific Oceans in HadAM3 idealised experiments CLIVAR-Exchanges vol 27, 2003. [ Reprint ]


New, M., Washington, R, Jack, C. and Hewitson, B. Sensitivity of southern African climate to soil moisture. CLIVAR-Exchanges vol 27, 2003. [ Reprint ]


Todd, M.C. and Washington, R. Climate variability in central equatorial Africa: Evidence of extra-tropical influence. CLIVAR-Exchanges vol 27, 2003. [ Reprint ]


Swann, M., Washington, R. and New, M. Tropical oceans and the predictability of southern African rainfall in the HadCM3. coupled climate model. CLIVAR-Exchanges vol 27, 2003. [ Reprint ]


Goudie, A.S., Washington, R, Todd, M.C. and Swann, M. North African dust production: source areas and variability. CLIVAR-Exchanges vol 27, 2003. [ Reprint ]


Bistritschan, T., Washington, R. and Norton, W. Water flux correction of an atmospheric general circulation model and its affects on seasonal predictability of rainfall. CLIVAR-Exchanges vol 27, 2003. [ Reprint ]


2002

Todd, M.C., Washington, R., Cheke, M. and Kniveton, D.: Brown locust outbreaks and climate variability in southern Africa, Journal Applied Ecology, 39, 31-42, 2002.

2001

Murphy, S.J. and Washington, R.: United Kingdom and Ireland precipitation variability and the North Atlantic sea-level pressure field. Int. J. Climatology. 21, 939-959, 2001. [ Reprint ]


Murphy, S.J., Washington, R., Downing, T.E., Martin, R.V., Preston, A., Butterfield, R., Briden., J. and Todd, M: Seasonal Forecasting for Climatic Hazards: prospects and responses. Natural Hazards. 23: 171-196, 2001.

Eckardt,F.D.; R.Washington & M.J. Wilkinson;: The origin of dust on the west coast of southern Africa, Palaeoecology of Africa And The Surrounding Islands, Vol. 27, 207-219, 2001.

Washington, R (contributing author) IPCC 2001: Climate Change, Chapter 10: Africa. CUP. 487-532. [ Reprint ]


2000

Washington, R. Quantifying chaos in the atmosphere, the use of ensembles of GCM integrations. Progress in Physical Geography . 24: 499-514, 2000. [ Reprint ]


Washington, R., Hodson, A., Isaksson, E. and Macdonald, O. Northern Hemisphere Teleconnection Indices and the Mass Balance of Svalbard Glaciers. Int. J. Climatology, 20. pp 473-487, 2000. [ Reprint ]


Martin, R., Washington, R. and Downing, T.E. Seasonal Maize forecasting for South Africa and Zimbabwe derived from an agroclimatological model. Journal Applied Meteorology. 39 (9): 1473-1479, 2000. [ Reprint ]


Martin, R.V., Jacob, D.J., Logan, J.A., Ziemke, J.R., and Washington, R. Detection of a lightning influence on tropical tropospheric ozone. Geophysical Research Letters, 27. pp 1639-1642, 2000.

1999

Todd M and R Washington A simple method to retrieve 3-hourly estimates of global tropical and subtropical precipitation from international satellite cloud climatology program (ISCCP) D1 data, J Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 16 (1): 146-155 JAN 1999

Washington R and M Todd Tropical-temperate links in southern African and Southwest Indian Ocean satellite-derived daily rainfall, Int Journal of Climatology 19 (14): 1601-1616 NOV 30 1999 [ Reprint ]


Washington R and TE Downing Seasonal forecasting of African rainfall: Prediction, responses and household food security, Geographical Journal 165: 255-274 Part 3 NOV 1999. [ Reprint ]


Stokes, S., Washington, R. and Preston, A. (1999) Late Quaternary evolution of the Central and Southern Kalahari: environmental responses to changing climatic conditions. In, Andrews, P. and Banham, P. (eds.) Late Cenozoic Environments and Hominid Evolution: a tribute to Bill Bishop. Geological Society of London.

Winchester, V., Harrison, S., Washington, R., Warren, C.M. (1999) Austral Summer of 1998 in the Northern Patagonian Icefield. Weather, 54. pp 287-292

1998

Todd M, Washington R Extreme daily rainfall in southern African and Southwest Indian Ocean tropical-temperate links  SA Journal of science 94 (2): 64-70 FEB 1998

Hodson AJ, Gurnell AM, Washington R, Tranter M, Clark MJ, Hagen JO Meteorological and runoff time-series characteristics in a small, high-Arctic glaciated basin, Svalbard, Hydrological Process 12 (3): 509-526 MAR 15 1998



1997

Stokes S, Thomas DSG, Washington R Multiple episodes of aridity in southern Africa since the last interglacial period  NATURE 388 (6638): 154-158 JUL 10 1997 [ Reprint ]


Barclay JJ, Jury MR, Washington R Meteorology of fire danger in the Natal Drakensberg  SA Journal of Science 89 (7): 341-349 JUL 1993

Diab, RD, Preston-Whyte, RA and R Washington, Distribution of rainfall by synoptic type of Natal, South Africa, Int Journal of Climatology 11 (8): 877-888 DEC 1991